2020 * XXXI * 2
CONTENTS
EDITORIAL
Marko Kass
ESTONIAN ACADEMIC AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY IS CELEBRATED ITS 100TH OF ANNIVERSARY
113
RESEARCH ARTICLES
Kendje Abdullaev1, Bakkit Irmulatov1, Аndrei Komarov2, Edvin Nugis3
PRECISION AGRICULTURE IN THE NORTH OF KAZAKHSTAN
115–121
PRECISION AGRICULTURE IN THE NORTH OF KAZAKHSTAN
Kendje Abdullaev1, Bakkit Irmulatov1, Аndrei Komarov2, Edvin Nugis3
1A.I. Barayev Research and Production Centre for Grain Farming, Akmola oblast, Shortandy 1, Kazakhstan,
e-mail:tsenter-zerna@mail.ru
2Agrophysical Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Grazhdansky Prospect, 14, Russia
3Estonian Crop Research Institute, J. Aamisepa 1, Jõgeva vald 48309, Estonia
The precision farming system has been used in the North of Kazakhstan where specialized landfill on an area of 3000 ha was formed. In the fields of the landfill, detailed agrochemical survey (accuracy) of soil samples of the southern carbonate chernozem for grid cells 1 ha and 5 ha of fieldnet treatments with were conducted. Further differentiated fertilization was carried out both with the help of Amazone ZA-M and with the use of the Bourgault sowing complex. Monitoring of the state of the soil, plant development and work performed was carried out both by traditional methods and using modern remote sensing data. After the introduction of precision farming technologies in the North Kazakhstan from 2019 precision farming technologies has been used. As a result of the work carried out only from the introduction of one element of precision farming – differentiated rationing of fertilizer application, an increase in the yield of spring wheat 'Astana' by 9.6–19.2% to the standard economic technology was established. Research results have shown that the share contribution with a high yield of 2000 kg ha–1 was significant for a sampling grid cells 1 ha of fieldnet (40–47%) and less significant for a sampling grid cells 5 ha of fieldnet (15–20%). Hence it follows that the choice of a fieldnet with grid cells 1 ha is more preferable. Due to the use of a differentiated application system the savings from reducing the consumption of mineral fertilizers for the unit of the relay have had 69.26 EUR. Our novel research has shown that for characterizing the state of plants an assessment is given which was performed using test sites 1 and 5 ha grid cells of fieldnet treatments. In this case, we have used the vegetation indices NDVI – Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. At the same time, this index has changed relatively synchronously with the results of the yield of the spring wheat.
Keywords: Kazakhstan, precision agriculture, differential application, spring wheat, test sites.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):115–121
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.25
Kendje Abdullaev1, Bakkit Irmulatov1, Аndrei Komarov2, Edvin Nugis3
1A.I. Barayev Research and Production Centre for Grain Farming, Akmola oblast, Shortandy 1, Kazakhstan,
e-mail:tsenter-zerna@mail.ru
2Agrophysical Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Grazhdansky Prospect, 14, Russia
3Estonian Crop Research Institute, J. Aamisepa 1, Jõgeva vald 48309, Estonia
The precision farming system has been used in the North of Kazakhstan where specialized landfill on an area of 3000 ha was formed. In the fields of the landfill, detailed agrochemical survey (accuracy) of soil samples of the southern carbonate chernozem for grid cells 1 ha and 5 ha of fieldnet treatments with were conducted. Further differentiated fertilization was carried out both with the help of Amazone ZA-M and with the use of the Bourgault sowing complex. Monitoring of the state of the soil, plant development and work performed was carried out both by traditional methods and using modern remote sensing data. After the introduction of precision farming technologies in the North Kazakhstan from 2019 precision farming technologies has been used. As a result of the work carried out only from the introduction of one element of precision farming – differentiated rationing of fertilizer application, an increase in the yield of spring wheat 'Astana' by 9.6–19.2% to the standard economic technology was established. Research results have shown that the share contribution with a high yield of 2000 kg ha–1 was significant for a sampling grid cells 1 ha of fieldnet (40–47%) and less significant for a sampling grid cells 5 ha of fieldnet (15–20%). Hence it follows that the choice of a fieldnet with grid cells 1 ha is more preferable. Due to the use of a differentiated application system the savings from reducing the consumption of mineral fertilizers for the unit of the relay have had 69.26 EUR. Our novel research has shown that for characterizing the state of plants an assessment is given which was performed using test sites 1 and 5 ha grid cells of fieldnet treatments. In this case, we have used the vegetation indices NDVI – Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. At the same time, this index has changed relatively synchronously with the results of the yield of the spring wheat.
Keywords: Kazakhstan, precision agriculture, differential application, spring wheat, test sites.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):115–121
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.25
Highlights:
- The precision farming system in the North of Kazakhstan was used.
- Monitoring of the state of the soil, plant development and work performed was carried out.
- An agrochemical survey of soil samples of the southern carbonate chernozem for grid cells 1 ha and 5 ha of fieldnet treatments were conducted.
- The vegetation indices NDVI - Normalized Difference Vegetation Index has been used.
- This index has changed relatively synchronously with the results of the yield of the spring wheat.
Adedamola Oladapo Akinbadewa1, Henry Adefisayo Adewole2, Victor Folorunso Olaleye2, Gbenga Emmanuel Ogundepo3
SUBLETHAL EFFECT OF GLYPHOSATE [N-(PHOSPHONOMETHYL)GLYCINE] ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES IN SOME ORGANS OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822) FINGERLINGS
122–130
SUBLETHAL EFFECT OF GLYPHOSATE [N-(PHOSPHONOMETHYL)GLYCINE] ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES IN SOME ORGANS OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822) FINGERLINGS
Adedamola Oladapo Akinbadewa1, Henry Adefisayo Adewole2, Victor Folorunso Olaleye2, Gbenga Emmanuel Ogundepo3
1Institute of Ecology and Environmental Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
2Department of Zoology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
The effect of the sublethal concentration of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] on growth and some biochemical indices in the organs of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) fingerlings in a static bioassay setup was studied to provide information on the sublethal toxicity effect of glyphosate on C. gariepinus fingerlings. Two hundred and seventy (270) fingerlings of C. gariepinus (10.02 ± 0.20g) randomly stocked at 30 fish per tank in triplicate were exposed to varying concentration (0, 2.75 ppm and 5.00 ppm) of glyphosate for 70 days. The results of the study showed that the determined growth parameters decrease with increase glyphosate concentration (except specific growth rate). The highest mortality rate was recorded in the treatment with the highest phosphate concentration (5.50 ppm). The enzymatic analyses of the fish tissue revealed that Na+/K+-ATPase activity which ranged from 0.20 to 19.29 µM Pi min–1 mg–1 protein in all the fish tissues increase with increase glyphosate concentration in the fish muscle and liver, and decreases with increase in glyphosate concentration in the gills. However, the muscle and liver malate DH activities decreased with increase in glyphosate concentration while the lactate DH activity increases with increase intoxicant concentration in the muscle (with the highest treatment having a threefold increase). Generally, the enzymatic activities of fish tissues followed the order: Malate DH >Na+/K+-ATPase>Lactate DH. The study concluded that the glyphosate concentration negatively impacted the growth and survival of C. gariepinus and also had a pronounced effect on the enzymatic activities of the studied organs.
Keywords: glyphosate, enzyme, tissue, growth, sub-lethal toxicity, Clarias gariepinus.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):122–130
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.16
Adedamola Oladapo Akinbadewa1, Henry Adefisayo Adewole2, Victor Folorunso Olaleye2, Gbenga Emmanuel Ogundepo3
1Institute of Ecology and Environmental Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
2Department of Zoology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
The effect of the sublethal concentration of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] on growth and some biochemical indices in the organs of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) fingerlings in a static bioassay setup was studied to provide information on the sublethal toxicity effect of glyphosate on C. gariepinus fingerlings. Two hundred and seventy (270) fingerlings of C. gariepinus (10.02 ± 0.20g) randomly stocked at 30 fish per tank in triplicate were exposed to varying concentration (0, 2.75 ppm and 5.00 ppm) of glyphosate for 70 days. The results of the study showed that the determined growth parameters decrease with increase glyphosate concentration (except specific growth rate). The highest mortality rate was recorded in the treatment with the highest phosphate concentration (5.50 ppm). The enzymatic analyses of the fish tissue revealed that Na+/K+-ATPase activity which ranged from 0.20 to 19.29 µM Pi min–1 mg–1 protein in all the fish tissues increase with increase glyphosate concentration in the fish muscle and liver, and decreases with increase in glyphosate concentration in the gills. However, the muscle and liver malate DH activities decreased with increase in glyphosate concentration while the lactate DH activity increases with increase intoxicant concentration in the muscle (with the highest treatment having a threefold increase). Generally, the enzymatic activities of fish tissues followed the order: Malate DH >Na+/K+-ATPase>Lactate DH. The study concluded that the glyphosate concentration negatively impacted the growth and survival of C. gariepinus and also had a pronounced effect on the enzymatic activities of the studied organs.
Keywords: glyphosate, enzyme, tissue, growth, sub-lethal toxicity, Clarias gariepinus.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):122–130
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.16
Highlights:
- The use of pesticide especially herbicide for destroying, preventing, or mitigating insects, rodents, nematodes, fungi, or weeds (as applicable), is on the increase worldwide in modern agricultural practices which pose a threat to the underground, surface water and aquatic lives
- The sublethal toxicity effect of Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) Glycine] on growth performance and some biochemical indices in the organs of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) fingerlings were therefore evaluated.
- The determined growth parameters decrease with increase glyphosate concentration with the highest mortality rate in the treatment with highest phosphate concentration (5.50 ppm)
- Na+/K+-ATPase activity in all the fish tissues increases with increase glyphosate concentration in the fish muscle and liver and decreases with increase in Glyphosate concentration in the gills.
- However, the muscle and liver malate DH activities decreased with increase in Glyphosate concentration while the lactate DH activity increases with increase intoxicant concentration in the muscle (with the highest treatment having a threefold increase).
- Generally, the enzymatic activities of fish tissues followed the order: Malate DH >Na+/K+-ATPase>Lactate DH.
- The glyphosate concentration negatively impacted the growth and survival of gariepinus and also had a pronounced effect on the enzymatic activities of the studied organs.
Basem Rahem Bader1, Mohammed Ali Abood1, Saad Enad Harfoush Aldulaimy2, Shuker Mahmood Hassan Al-Mehmdy2, Ghassan Jaafar Hamdi3
EFFECT OF WATER DEFICIT AND FOLIAR APPLICATION OF AMINO ACIDS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF EGGPLANT IRRIGATED BY TWO DRIP SYSTEMS UNDER GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS
131–138
EFFECT OF WATER DEFICIT AND FOLIAR APPLICATION OF AMINO ACIDS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF EGGPLANT IRRIGATED BY TWO DRIP SYSTEMS UNDER GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS
Basem Rahem Bader1, Mohammed Ali Abood1, Saad Enad Harfoush Aldulaimy2, Shuker Mahmood Hassan Al-Mehmdy2, Ghassan Jaafar Hamdi3
1Department of Soil Science and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq
2Department of Soil Science and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq
3Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq
Water deficit in semiarid areas limits eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) production and growth indicators. Suitable drip irrigation system and foliar application of amino acids may help overcome water deficit. In this work, the effects of drip irrigation system [Grand flow regulators (GR) and T-Tape], water deficit (50, 75, 100% based on field capacity) and foliar application of amino acids at 0, 100 and 200 mg L–1 on water relation of leaf's, yield and field water use efficiency (WUEf) of eggplant were studied. The experiments were arranged in a split-split plot design within a completely randomized distribution each repeated three times. GR irrigation system treatment produced the highest relative water content (RWC), most yield (TY), WUEf and the lowest of water saturation deficit (WSD) which were 74.71%, 6.50%, 5.97 t ha–1, 2.11 kg m–3 and 23.09%, respectively. The lowest water uptake capacity (WUC) and relative membrane permeability (RMP) was obtained in T-Tape irrigation system treatment (0.43% and 59.45%, respectively). The 100% irrigation level revealed higher RWC (79.32%), WSD (7.38%), most TY (6.93 t ha–1), the least of WSD (18.00%), WUC (0.28%) and RMP (39.40%). The maximum of WUEf (2.37 kg m–3) was obtained from 50% irrigation level. The foliar application of 200 mg L–1 Amino acids rate resulted in significantly maximum RWC (81.50%), WRC (7.19%), TY (6.75 t ha–1) and WUEf (2.51 kg m–3) and least WSD (15.88%), WUC (0.33%), RMP (52.02%). GR drip irrigation system is best for water use efficiency; 200 mg L–1 Amino acids produced the best response for most studied traits.
Keywords: Solanum melongena, Amino decanate, foliar, water use efficiency, water deficit.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):131–138
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.20
Basem Rahem Bader1, Mohammed Ali Abood1, Saad Enad Harfoush Aldulaimy2, Shuker Mahmood Hassan Al-Mehmdy2, Ghassan Jaafar Hamdi3
1Department of Soil Science and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq
2Department of Soil Science and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq
3Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq
Water deficit in semiarid areas limits eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) production and growth indicators. Suitable drip irrigation system and foliar application of amino acids may help overcome water deficit. In this work, the effects of drip irrigation system [Grand flow regulators (GR) and T-Tape], water deficit (50, 75, 100% based on field capacity) and foliar application of amino acids at 0, 100 and 200 mg L–1 on water relation of leaf's, yield and field water use efficiency (WUEf) of eggplant were studied. The experiments were arranged in a split-split plot design within a completely randomized distribution each repeated three times. GR irrigation system treatment produced the highest relative water content (RWC), most yield (TY), WUEf and the lowest of water saturation deficit (WSD) which were 74.71%, 6.50%, 5.97 t ha–1, 2.11 kg m–3 and 23.09%, respectively. The lowest water uptake capacity (WUC) and relative membrane permeability (RMP) was obtained in T-Tape irrigation system treatment (0.43% and 59.45%, respectively). The 100% irrigation level revealed higher RWC (79.32%), WSD (7.38%), most TY (6.93 t ha–1), the least of WSD (18.00%), WUC (0.28%) and RMP (39.40%). The maximum of WUEf (2.37 kg m–3) was obtained from 50% irrigation level. The foliar application of 200 mg L–1 Amino acids rate resulted in significantly maximum RWC (81.50%), WRC (7.19%), TY (6.75 t ha–1) and WUEf (2.51 kg m–3) and least WSD (15.88%), WUC (0.33%), RMP (52.02%). GR drip irrigation system is best for water use efficiency; 200 mg L–1 Amino acids produced the best response for most studied traits.
Keywords: Solanum melongena, Amino decanate, foliar, water use efficiency, water deficit.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):131–138
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.20
Highlights:
- The combined effects of amino acids, deficit irrigation and irrigation system on eggplant crop were studied.
- Amino acids can attenuate the negative effects of water stress on eggplant growth.
- Amino acids significantly increased yield and water use efficiency under water stress level.
- Amino acids can improve plant water status in terms of leaf water potential.
- Irrigation system strategy led to reduced water used in eggplant.
Volodymyr Bulgakov1, Valerii Adamchuk2, Volodymyr Kuvachov3, Lyubov Shymko1, Jüri Olt4
A THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF COMBINED AGRICULTURAL GANTRY UNIT WITH A MINERAL FERTILISER SPREADER
139–146
A THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF COMBINED AGRICULTURAL GANTRY UNIT WITH A MINERAL FERTILISER SPREADER
Volodymyr Bulgakov1, Valerii Adamchuk2, Volodymyr Kuvachov3, Lyubov Shymko1, Jüri Olt4
1National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 15 Heroyiv Oborony St, UA 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine
2National Scientific Centre, Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Electrification, 11 Vokzalna St, Glevakcha-1, Vasylkiv District, UA08631 Kyiv Region, Ukraine
3Dmytro Motornyi Tavria State Agrotechnological University, 18B Khmelnytsky Ave, UA72310 Melitopol, Zaporizhzhia Region, Ukraine
4Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Technology, 56 Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi St, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
Operations to apply mineral fertilisers to the soil are an important part of practically every form of agricultural technology. The current global trend of transitioning to bridge and gantry-type agricultural systems leaves the unanswered relevant question of the effectiveness of the technological process of applying mineral fertilisers to the soil. This is relevant because, in gantry agriculture, a section of the arable soil is separated as an engineering area. This is why the main difference in gantry agriculture from traditional methods of the bulk spreading of fertiliser onto a field is that, with gantry systems, the amount of fertiliser that lands within the engineering zone are limited. This significantly affects the manufacturing costs involved in the entire area of agricultural technology and, as a result, the production costs of the end product. This study aimed to research the patterns that are apparent in affecting the parameters involved in the use of gantry-type equipment when applying fertiliser with the parameters and operational modes of a specially-developed electric spreader of mineral fertilisers. The physical object of the study was the agricultural gantry equipment that had been developed by the authors. This equipment, which is used for spreading fertiliser, was in the form of a tractor-mounted, suspended, single-disc spreader which was known as JarMet, and which had especially been modified to run from an electrical supply. The study indicated that the biggest influence on the speed of rotation of the centrifugal disc in the mineral fertiliser spreader stems from its height above the ground, the distance of track of the agricultural gantry itself, and the aerodynamic coefficient of the fertiliser. It was determined that, for the agricultural gantry with a distance of tracks of 3.5 m, a sufficient angular speed of the single-disc centrifugal tool is 15.5 rad·s−1, with a power demand for driving this at 0.35 kW·h. When using agricultural gantries of this type with an extended track width of up to 6 m, the necessary angular speed of the centrifugal tool for spreading fertiliser increases exponentially, to 318.2 rad·s−1, with the power demand for driving it increasing to the third power.
Keywords: agricultural gantry system, angular speed, disk, fertiliser spreader, power, track.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):139–146
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.15
Volodymyr Bulgakov1, Valerii Adamchuk2, Volodymyr Kuvachov3, Lyubov Shymko1, Jüri Olt4
1National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 15 Heroyiv Oborony St, UA 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine
2National Scientific Centre, Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Electrification, 11 Vokzalna St, Glevakcha-1, Vasylkiv District, UA08631 Kyiv Region, Ukraine
3Dmytro Motornyi Tavria State Agrotechnological University, 18B Khmelnytsky Ave, UA72310 Melitopol, Zaporizhzhia Region, Ukraine
4Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Technology, 56 Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi St, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
Operations to apply mineral fertilisers to the soil are an important part of practically every form of agricultural technology. The current global trend of transitioning to bridge and gantry-type agricultural systems leaves the unanswered relevant question of the effectiveness of the technological process of applying mineral fertilisers to the soil. This is relevant because, in gantry agriculture, a section of the arable soil is separated as an engineering area. This is why the main difference in gantry agriculture from traditional methods of the bulk spreading of fertiliser onto a field is that, with gantry systems, the amount of fertiliser that lands within the engineering zone are limited. This significantly affects the manufacturing costs involved in the entire area of agricultural technology and, as a result, the production costs of the end product. This study aimed to research the patterns that are apparent in affecting the parameters involved in the use of gantry-type equipment when applying fertiliser with the parameters and operational modes of a specially-developed electric spreader of mineral fertilisers. The physical object of the study was the agricultural gantry equipment that had been developed by the authors. This equipment, which is used for spreading fertiliser, was in the form of a tractor-mounted, suspended, single-disc spreader which was known as JarMet, and which had especially been modified to run from an electrical supply. The study indicated that the biggest influence on the speed of rotation of the centrifugal disc in the mineral fertiliser spreader stems from its height above the ground, the distance of track of the agricultural gantry itself, and the aerodynamic coefficient of the fertiliser. It was determined that, for the agricultural gantry with a distance of tracks of 3.5 m, a sufficient angular speed of the single-disc centrifugal tool is 15.5 rad·s−1, with a power demand for driving this at 0.35 kW·h. When using agricultural gantries of this type with an extended track width of up to 6 m, the necessary angular speed of the centrifugal tool for spreading fertiliser increases exponentially, to 318.2 rad·s−1, with the power demand for driving it increasing to the third power.
Keywords: agricultural gantry system, angular speed, disk, fertiliser spreader, power, track.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):139–146
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.15
Highlights:
- For the automation of the process of applying technological bulk materials with an agricultural gantry unit, this purpose can be achieved when utilising an electric drive for the centrifugal fertiliser spreader.
- The highest impact on its angular speed at its circumference comes from its installation height above the soil, as well as from the agricultural gantry’s track distance, and from the fertiliser’s aerodynamic coefficient.
- The dependence of the angular speed of the spreader tool on the agricultural gantry’s track distance has an exponential character. It was determined that, for an agricultural gantry with a distance of track of 3.5 m, it is sufficient to have the angular speed of a single-disc centrifugal tool be set at 15.5 rads−1 (2.47 s−1). At such an angular speed of the spreader, the mineral fertilisers that are being spread onto the crop area of the agricultural gantry unit will not reach the wheel tracks of the engineering zone in the field. The power demand required for driving the spreader is 0.35 kW.
- When using agricultural gantries unit with a track distance that was increased to 5.4 m, the necessary angular speed of the centrifugal tool for spreading mineral fertiliser will exponentially increase to 140 rad s−1 (22.2 s−1). The power demand required for driving the spreader is 8 kW.
Piret Hussar1, Ilmārs Dūrītis2, Florina Popovska-Percinic3, Tõnu Järveots4
Short Communication: IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF SODIUM-DEPENDENT GLUCOSE CO-TRANSPORTERS IN OSTRICHES KIDNEYS
147–150
Short Communication: IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF SODIUM-DEPENDENT GLUCOSE CO-TRANSPORTERS IN OSTRICHES KIDNEYS
Piret Hussar1, Ilmārs Dūrītis2, Florina Popovska-Percinic3, Tõnu Järveots4
1Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
2Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvian University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia
3Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss.Cyril & Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
4Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
Out of the two families of glucose transporters identified, the sodium-dependent glucose co-transporters contribute to renal glucose reabsorption. Due to the lack of knowledges of the localization of SGLTs in bird's kidneys, the present study aimed to immunolocalize Na+-glucose co-transporters SGLT1 and SGLT2 in ostrich's kidneys. In the study kidney material derived from five 14 days old female ostriches. Material 0.5–1.0 cm in diameter was fixed in 10% formalin, dehydrated, embedded into paraffin; thereafter slices 7 μm in thickness were cut and deparaffinized, followed by immunohistochemical staining with polyclonal primary antibodies Rabbit anti-SGLT1 and Rabbit anti-SGLT2 (Abcam, UK) according to the manufacturers' guidelines (IHC kit, Abcam, UK). Our study revealed the immunohistochemical localization of SGLT1 and SGLT2 in the proximal tubules of the renal cortex. The immunohistochemical locations of sodium-dependent glucose transporters resembled those in mammals.
Keywords: glucose transporters, SGLT1, SGLT2, ostriches, kidneys, immunohistochemistry.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):147–150
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.23
Piret Hussar1, Ilmārs Dūrītis2, Florina Popovska-Percinic3, Tõnu Järveots4
1Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
2Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvian University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia
3Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss.Cyril & Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, R. Macedonia
4Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
Out of the two families of glucose transporters identified, the sodium-dependent glucose co-transporters contribute to renal glucose reabsorption. Due to the lack of knowledges of the localization of SGLTs in bird's kidneys, the present study aimed to immunolocalize Na+-glucose co-transporters SGLT1 and SGLT2 in ostrich's kidneys. In the study kidney material derived from five 14 days old female ostriches. Material 0.5–1.0 cm in diameter was fixed in 10% formalin, dehydrated, embedded into paraffin; thereafter slices 7 μm in thickness were cut and deparaffinized, followed by immunohistochemical staining with polyclonal primary antibodies Rabbit anti-SGLT1 and Rabbit anti-SGLT2 (Abcam, UK) according to the manufacturers' guidelines (IHC kit, Abcam, UK). Our study revealed the immunohistochemical localization of SGLT1 and SGLT2 in the proximal tubules of the renal cortex. The immunohistochemical locations of sodium-dependent glucose transporters resembled those in mammals.
Keywords: glucose transporters, SGLT1, SGLT2, ostriches, kidneys, immunohistochemistry.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):147–150
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.23
Highlights:
- The current immunohistochemical study showed the SGLT1 and SGLT2 similar locations in the renal proximal tubules as previously detected in mammals.
Sirje Jalakas1, Mati Roasto1, Mari Reinik2, Terje Elias1
AN OVERVIEW OF THE NITRITE AND NITRATE CONTENTS IN MEAT PRODUCTS IN ESTONIA
151–159
AN OVERVIEW OF THE NITRITE AND NITRATE CONTENTS IN MEAT PRODUCTS IN ESTONIA
Sirje Jalakas1, Mati Roasto1, Mari Reinik2, Terje Elias1
1Chair of Food Hygiene and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 56/3 Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi St, 51006Tartu, Estonia
2Tartu Laboratory, Health Board, 1a Põllu St, 50303 Tartu, Estonia
This study examined the nitrite and nitrate content in processed meat products in Estonia. The study shows the levels of nitrites and nitrates in meat products and compares the results with data from the previous study periods. All meat products, which needed heat treatment according to the manufacturer's instructions, were heat-treated prior analyses. Among analysed meat products (n=164), the highest nitrite concentration was 93.1 mg kg–1 and it was determined in uncooked meat preparation product. The overall mean nitrite concentration among nitrite contained meat products varied from 9.7–30.3 mg kg–1 depending on the meat product category. The highest mean nitrite concentrations were found in sausages and pates. There were large differences in the nitrite content of the products of different producers, ranging from the detection limit to 93.1 mg kg–1. The largest differences in nitrite contents were observed in the cooked sausages of one manufacturer, in which the nitrite content was from the detection limit up to 61.5 mg kg–1 in the product. The nitrite and nitrate contents of different meat products also varied widely between producers and were different for each product group. By the Regulation (EC 1333/2008) taking into account the maximum levels for nitrites and nitrates allowed to be added to the meat products, there were no exceedances detected. In the comparison of previous and present study periods, it can be summarised that sodium nitrite (NaNO2) levels are lower in cooked sausages, smoked sausages and wieners, and the content of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) in various meat products is considerably decreased.
Keywords: nitrite content, nitrate content, meat producers, meat products
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):151–159
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.29
Sirje Jalakas1, Mati Roasto1, Mari Reinik2, Terje Elias1
1Chair of Food Hygiene and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 56/3 Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi St, 51006Tartu, Estonia
2Tartu Laboratory, Health Board, 1a Põllu St, 50303 Tartu, Estonia
This study examined the nitrite and nitrate content in processed meat products in Estonia. The study shows the levels of nitrites and nitrates in meat products and compares the results with data from the previous study periods. All meat products, which needed heat treatment according to the manufacturer's instructions, were heat-treated prior analyses. Among analysed meat products (n=164), the highest nitrite concentration was 93.1 mg kg–1 and it was determined in uncooked meat preparation product. The overall mean nitrite concentration among nitrite contained meat products varied from 9.7–30.3 mg kg–1 depending on the meat product category. The highest mean nitrite concentrations were found in sausages and pates. There were large differences in the nitrite content of the products of different producers, ranging from the detection limit to 93.1 mg kg–1. The largest differences in nitrite contents were observed in the cooked sausages of one manufacturer, in which the nitrite content was from the detection limit up to 61.5 mg kg–1 in the product. The nitrite and nitrate contents of different meat products also varied widely between producers and were different for each product group. By the Regulation (EC 1333/2008) taking into account the maximum levels for nitrites and nitrates allowed to be added to the meat products, there were no exceedances detected. In the comparison of previous and present study periods, it can be summarised that sodium nitrite (NaNO2) levels are lower in cooked sausages, smoked sausages and wieners, and the content of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) in various meat products is considerably decreased.
Keywords: nitrite content, nitrate content, meat producers, meat products
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):151–159
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.29
Highlights:
- The nitrite and nitrate contents of different meat products varied widely between producers and were different for each product group. In accordance with the Regulation (EC 1333/2008), there were no nitrite content exceedances detected in meat products.
- The overall mean nitrite concentration among nitrite contained meat products varied from 9.7–30.3 mg kg–1 depending on the meat product category.
- In comparison of previous and present study periods, it can be summarised that nitrite levels are lower in cooked sausages, smoked sausages and wieners.
- The content of nitrate in various meat products has considerably decreased.
Peter-Damian Chukwunomso Jiwuba
NUTRIENT INTAKE, DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN BALANCE OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS FED CASSAVA ROOT SIEVATE AND CASSAVA LEAF MEAL MIXTURE IN THEIR DIETS
160–166
NUTRIENT INTAKE, DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN BALANCE OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS FED CASSAVA ROOT SIEVATE AND CASSAVA LEAF MEAL MIXTURE IN THEIR DIETS
Peter-Damian Chukwunomso Jiwuba
Department of Animal Production Technology, Federal College of Agriculture, P.M.B.7008, Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Four West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks averaging 7.62 kg and aged 8–10 months ere used to determine the intake, body weight changes, digestibility and nitrogen balance of cassava root sievate-cassava leaf meal mixture based diets. The four experimental diets (T1, T2, T3 and T4) were formulated to contain palm kernel cake, brewers' dried grain, molasses, bone meal, limestone, meal, common salt and 0, 20, 40 and 60% cassava root sievate-cassava leaf meal mixture at the rate of 3:1 respectively. The diets were assigned individually to the four animals in metabolism cages in a 4×4 Latin square design experiment. Feed intake, body weight gain, dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient digestibility and the nitrogen balance status of each animal were measured. Results on proximate composition revealed that the nutrient requirements of the goats were adequate. The DMI for the supplement, total DMI, total DMI (g (kg W0.75)–1), CF intake were highest (P < 0.05) for T4. Average body weight gain (g day–1) and average body weight gain (g (kg W0.75)–1) were best (P < 0.05) for T3 and T4. Crude protein digestibility was best (P < 0.05) for T4. Neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibilities were best for T3 and T4. Nitrogen intake (g day–1), nitrogen balance (g day–1) (g (W kg0.75)–1), nitrogen retention (%), nitrogen absorbed (g day–1) (g (W kg0.75)–1), apparent N digestibility (%) and the efficiency of nitrogen utilization were all best (P < 0.05) for and T4. The diet (T4) containing 60% CRSCLM mixture was recommended among the other diets for feeding goats, as it had better performance concerning nutrient intake, body weight gain, nutrient digestibility and utilization.
Keywords: nutrient intake, digestibility, utilization, body weight gain, cassava, goats.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):160–166
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.24
Peter-Damian Chukwunomso Jiwuba
Department of Animal Production Technology, Federal College of Agriculture, P.M.B.7008, Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Four West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks averaging 7.62 kg and aged 8–10 months ere used to determine the intake, body weight changes, digestibility and nitrogen balance of cassava root sievate-cassava leaf meal mixture based diets. The four experimental diets (T1, T2, T3 and T4) were formulated to contain palm kernel cake, brewers' dried grain, molasses, bone meal, limestone, meal, common salt and 0, 20, 40 and 60% cassava root sievate-cassava leaf meal mixture at the rate of 3:1 respectively. The diets were assigned individually to the four animals in metabolism cages in a 4×4 Latin square design experiment. Feed intake, body weight gain, dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient digestibility and the nitrogen balance status of each animal were measured. Results on proximate composition revealed that the nutrient requirements of the goats were adequate. The DMI for the supplement, total DMI, total DMI (g (kg W0.75)–1), CF intake were highest (P < 0.05) for T4. Average body weight gain (g day–1) and average body weight gain (g (kg W0.75)–1) were best (P < 0.05) for T3 and T4. Crude protein digestibility was best (P < 0.05) for T4. Neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibilities were best for T3 and T4. Nitrogen intake (g day–1), nitrogen balance (g day–1) (g (W kg0.75)–1), nitrogen retention (%), nitrogen absorbed (g day–1) (g (W kg0.75)–1), apparent N digestibility (%) and the efficiency of nitrogen utilization were all best (P < 0.05) for and T4. The diet (T4) containing 60% CRSCLM mixture was recommended among the other diets for feeding goats, as it had better performance concerning nutrient intake, body weight gain, nutrient digestibility and utilization.
Keywords: nutrient intake, digestibility, utilization, body weight gain, cassava, goats.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):160–166
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.24
Highlights:
- The effects of cassava root sievate and cassava leaf meal mixture on nutrient intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance on West African dwarf goats were studied.
- Cassava root sievate and cassava leaf meal mixture at 60% produced the best dry matter intake (DMI) for the supplemental diets.
- Weight gain (g d–1) and (g (kg W0.75)–1) were enhanced at 40 and 60% incremental levels in comparison with 20 and 0% treatment levels.
- Crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent digestibilities were better in the 20, 40 and 60% treatment levels in comparison with the control diet (0%).
- Nitrogen intake was best enhanced at 60% when compared with the other treatments.
- Nitrogen balance, nitrogen retention. Nitrogen absorbed, apparent nitrogen digestibility and efficiency of nitrogen utilization were improved at 20, 40 and 60% treatment levels when compared with 0% treatment level.
Panagiotis Kanatas1, Ioannis Gazoulis2, Ioanna Kakabouki2, Panayiota Papastylianou2
AROMATIC PLANT MELISSA OFFICINALIS EXTRACTS SELECTIVITY IN VARIOUS BIOMASS CROP AND LEGUME SPECIES
167–172
AROMATIC PLANT MELISSA OFFICINALIS EXTRACTS SELECTIVITY IN VARIOUS BIOMASS CROP AND LEGUME SPECIES
Panagiotis Kanatas1, Ioannis Gazoulis2, Ioanna Kakabouki2, Panayiota Papastylianou2
1Agricultural Cooperative of Mesolonghi-Nafpaktia, 30200 Mesolonghi, Greece
2Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece
Allelopathic effects of various plants can be exploited for use against weeds; however, the selectivity in different crops is also important. In the current study, the effects of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) allelochemicals on seed germination and seedling emergence of three biomass crops and three legume species were evaluated. Seed germination of rapeseed was reduced by 19, 30, 56, and 80% in the concentrations of 1, 2, 5 and 10%, respectively, as compared to the control group, whereas sweet sorghum seeds showed a more intermediate response and sunflower germination was affected only by the highest concentration. Seed germination of common bean was by 25, 34 and 60% lower at 1, 2 and 5% extract concentrations, respectively, in comparison to the control whereas up to 85% reduction of seed germination was recorded in 10% concentration. Peanut seed germination percentage ranged between 72 and 47% of control in 5 and 10% concentrations, respectively, while soybean germination was least affected from M. officinalis leaf extracts since it was reduced by only 25 and 41% in 5 and 10% concentrations, respectively, as compared to the control. Seedling emergence of rapeseed was reduced by 14, 25, 46, and 79% in the concentrations of 1, 2, 5 and 10%, respectively, as compared to the control whereas lemon balm extracts showed increased selectivity on the sunflower. Soybean emergence was reduced by only 27 and 46% in 5 and 10% concentrations, respectively, in comparison to the control whereas common bean’s seedling emergence was reduced up to 35% even in 2% concentration. Allelopathic response index values confirmed that sunflower and rapeseed were the least and most sensitive biomass crops to lemon balm allelochemicals, respectively, whereas sweet sorghum showed an intermediate response. Increased was the selectivity of the aqueous leaf extracts on soybean, whereas seed germination and seedling emergence of peanut were more affected and common bean was the most sensitive crop. Further research is needed to investigate the selectivity of M. officinalis and other aromatic plants’ allelochemicals on various crops and under different soil and climatic conditions to optimize their efficacy as tools of more eco-friendly weed management strategies.
Keywords: Melissa officinalis, allelopathy, selectivity, biomass crops, legume.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):167–172
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.13
Panagiotis Kanatas1, Ioannis Gazoulis2, Ioanna Kakabouki2, Panayiota Papastylianou2
1Agricultural Cooperative of Mesolonghi-Nafpaktia, 30200 Mesolonghi, Greece
2Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece
Allelopathic effects of various plants can be exploited for use against weeds; however, the selectivity in different crops is also important. In the current study, the effects of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) allelochemicals on seed germination and seedling emergence of three biomass crops and three legume species were evaluated. Seed germination of rapeseed was reduced by 19, 30, 56, and 80% in the concentrations of 1, 2, 5 and 10%, respectively, as compared to the control group, whereas sweet sorghum seeds showed a more intermediate response and sunflower germination was affected only by the highest concentration. Seed germination of common bean was by 25, 34 and 60% lower at 1, 2 and 5% extract concentrations, respectively, in comparison to the control whereas up to 85% reduction of seed germination was recorded in 10% concentration. Peanut seed germination percentage ranged between 72 and 47% of control in 5 and 10% concentrations, respectively, while soybean germination was least affected from M. officinalis leaf extracts since it was reduced by only 25 and 41% in 5 and 10% concentrations, respectively, as compared to the control. Seedling emergence of rapeseed was reduced by 14, 25, 46, and 79% in the concentrations of 1, 2, 5 and 10%, respectively, as compared to the control whereas lemon balm extracts showed increased selectivity on the sunflower. Soybean emergence was reduced by only 27 and 46% in 5 and 10% concentrations, respectively, in comparison to the control whereas common bean’s seedling emergence was reduced up to 35% even in 2% concentration. Allelopathic response index values confirmed that sunflower and rapeseed were the least and most sensitive biomass crops to lemon balm allelochemicals, respectively, whereas sweet sorghum showed an intermediate response. Increased was the selectivity of the aqueous leaf extracts on soybean, whereas seed germination and seedling emergence of peanut were more affected and common bean was the most sensitive crop. Further research is needed to investigate the selectivity of M. officinalis and other aromatic plants’ allelochemicals on various crops and under different soil and climatic conditions to optimize their efficacy as tools of more eco-friendly weed management strategies.
Keywords: Melissa officinalis, allelopathy, selectivity, biomass crops, legume.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):167–172
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.13
Highlights:
- The effects of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) allelochemicals on seed germination and seedling emergence of three biomass crops and three legume species were evaluated.
- Sunflower and rapeseed were the least and most sensitive biomass crops to lemon balm allelochemicals, respectively, whereas sweet sorghum showed an intermediate response.
- Peanut seed germination percentage ranged between 72 and 47% of control in 5 and 10% concentrations, respectively, while soybean germination was least affected from M. officinalis leaf extracts since it was reduced by only 25 and 41% in 5 and 10% concentrations, respectively, as compared to the control.
Inha Kuznietsova1, Valentyna Bandura2, Vаdym Paziuk1, Oleksii Tokarchuk2, Ihor Kupchuk2
APPLICATION OF THE DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY METHOD IN THE STUDY OF THE TOMATO FRUITS DRYING PROCESS
173–180
APPLICATION OF THE DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY METHOD IN THE STUDY OF THE TOMATO FRUITS DRYING PROCESS
Inha Kuznietsova1, Valentyna Bandura2, Vаdym Paziuk1, Oleksii Tokarchuk2, Ihor Kupchuk2
1Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of NAS of Ukraine, 2a Zhelyabova St, UA 03057, Kiev, Ukraine
2Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, 3 Sonyachna St, UA 21008, Vinnytsia, Ukraine
Structural changes in the process of heating fresh fruit, sun-dried fruits and powder obtained from the dried tomato fruits were studied by differential scanning calorimetry method application. The kinetics of the shredded fruits in the dryer proves the prospects for using convective drying, which is performed for 295 minutes. The kinetic coefficients of drying and critical moisture content in the crushed fruits of tomato were determined. The kinetic coefficients were determined by the graphical-analytical method: a = 0.839, ln(α) = 1.3 and α (1 s–1) = 0.262. It was determined that the critical maximum moisture content for drying the shredded fruits of tomatoes is 1.503% mm–1, after what the process of combustion of vegetable tissue begins. The application of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method allowed the fuller study of the mechanism of drying the fruits of tomato in different condition: fresh, sun-dried and dried. It was determined that the greatest amount of energy is consumed to remove free moisture (1,993 J g–1) from the fresh tomatoes. At the same time, when being cooled, crystallization in plant tissue occurs with the release of energy in the amount of 0.03922 J g–1. When drying the previously sun-dried tomatoes the process of moisture removal and the partial decomposition of the compounds that are unstable to temperature is completed. At the same time, at the 129.61 °C temperature in the powder obtained from the fruits of tomatoes, melting of carbohydrates and other compounds occurred. Thus, this confirms the need to observe the normalized value of the mass fraction of moisture in the powders in the process of their packaging, storage and use. The basic technological system of production of powder from dried fruits of tomatoes is offered.
Keywords: tomatoes, drying, method, moisture, crystallization, carotene-containing raw materials.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):173–180
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.14
Inha Kuznietsova1, Valentyna Bandura2, Vаdym Paziuk1, Oleksii Tokarchuk2, Ihor Kupchuk2
1Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of NAS of Ukraine, 2a Zhelyabova St, UA 03057, Kiev, Ukraine
2Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, 3 Sonyachna St, UA 21008, Vinnytsia, Ukraine
Structural changes in the process of heating fresh fruit, sun-dried fruits and powder obtained from the dried tomato fruits were studied by differential scanning calorimetry method application. The kinetics of the shredded fruits in the dryer proves the prospects for using convective drying, which is performed for 295 minutes. The kinetic coefficients of drying and critical moisture content in the crushed fruits of tomato were determined. The kinetic coefficients were determined by the graphical-analytical method: a = 0.839, ln(α) = 1.3 and α (1 s–1) = 0.262. It was determined that the critical maximum moisture content for drying the shredded fruits of tomatoes is 1.503% mm–1, after what the process of combustion of vegetable tissue begins. The application of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method allowed the fuller study of the mechanism of drying the fruits of tomato in different condition: fresh, sun-dried and dried. It was determined that the greatest amount of energy is consumed to remove free moisture (1,993 J g–1) from the fresh tomatoes. At the same time, when being cooled, crystallization in plant tissue occurs with the release of energy in the amount of 0.03922 J g–1. When drying the previously sun-dried tomatoes the process of moisture removal and the partial decomposition of the compounds that are unstable to temperature is completed. At the same time, at the 129.61 °C temperature in the powder obtained from the fruits of tomatoes, melting of carbohydrates and other compounds occurred. Thus, this confirms the need to observe the normalized value of the mass fraction of moisture in the powders in the process of their packaging, storage and use. The basic technological system of production of powder from dried fruits of tomatoes is offered.
Keywords: tomatoes, drying, method, moisture, crystallization, carotene-containing raw materials.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):173–180
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.14
Highlights:
- It has been proved that convective drying of shredded tomato fruits is one of the promising ways of producing tomato powder.
- The values of kinematic coefficients (α = 0.839, ln(α) = 1.3, α(1 s–1) = 0.262) and the critical boundary moisture content (1.503% per mm) were determined.
- It is determined that the most energy is consumed to remove free moisture (1 993 J h–1) in processing fresh tomato fruit.
- The 129.61 °C temperature causes melting of carbohydrates and other compounds of the powder obtained from tomato fruits.
Raimo Kõlli, Karin Kauer, Tõnu Tõnutare
ORGANIC CARBON AND NITROGEN CONTENT IN ESTONIAN EROSION-AFFECTED SOILS
181–190
ORGANIC CARBON AND NITROGEN CONTENT IN ESTONIAN EROSION-AFFECTED SOILS
Raimo Kõlli, Karin Kauer, Tõnu Tõnutare
Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Chair of Soil Science, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
The work is dedicated to the characterization of erosion-affected soils' (EAS) humus status (HS) in pedo-ecological conditions of South-Eastern Estonia. For understanding HS of EAS their organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (NT) sequestration capacities and the ratio C:N was studied by separate soil layers. The average data about soil OC and NT contents (g kg–1) and superficial densities (Mg ha–1) are given by arable soil species. The analysis of reflecting EAS HS on four research areas (Valgjärve, Otepää, Haanja and Mooste) was carried out on the basis of four different origin databases. The analysis of OC content is done by Tjurin and NT by Kjeldahl. In soil associations of erosion-affected areas' the following groups of soils were distinguished: eroded (E), deluvial (D), neutral (N) and non-eroded (En) soils.
The HC thicknesses of research area Valgjärve E soils are in limits 18–23 cm, D soils 30–65 cm and of En soils 22–27 cm. The medians of same soils OC concentrations are accordingly 9.4, 11.2 and 10.9 g kg–1 and ratios C:N accordingly 9.8, 9.4 and 10.2. The OC stocks given in the limits of quartiles are in E soils 24–36, D soils 51–143 and En soils 32–49 Mg ha–1. Therefore on eroded areas the perpetual continuums of soil properties' (among these HS) changes may be followed and it is very complicated to separate soil contours on 1:10 000 soil maps. In this work the transitional areas between E and D soils are characterized via N soils.
On erosion-affected areas the E and D soils form different soil associations with auto- and hydromorphic normally developed non-eroded soils, where very commonly as well the fluvial (abnormal) soils are presented. The relatively high pedodiversity caused by the areas high geodiversity, is the requisite to the high biodiversity. In erosion-affected regions is extremely important to maintain agricultural activity, as with this is ensured the persistence of naturally beautiful landscapes. The soil cover with EAS acts as accumulator of formed on the same area soil OC.
Keywords: erosion-affected soils, water and tillage erosion, total nitrogen, soil organic carbon, humus status, sustainable soil management, soil association.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):181–190
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.21
Raimo Kõlli, Karin Kauer, Tõnu Tõnutare
Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Chair of Soil Science, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
The work is dedicated to the characterization of erosion-affected soils' (EAS) humus status (HS) in pedo-ecological conditions of South-Eastern Estonia. For understanding HS of EAS their organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (NT) sequestration capacities and the ratio C:N was studied by separate soil layers. The average data about soil OC and NT contents (g kg–1) and superficial densities (Mg ha–1) are given by arable soil species. The analysis of reflecting EAS HS on four research areas (Valgjärve, Otepää, Haanja and Mooste) was carried out on the basis of four different origin databases. The analysis of OC content is done by Tjurin and NT by Kjeldahl. In soil associations of erosion-affected areas' the following groups of soils were distinguished: eroded (E), deluvial (D), neutral (N) and non-eroded (En) soils.
The HC thicknesses of research area Valgjärve E soils are in limits 18–23 cm, D soils 30–65 cm and of En soils 22–27 cm. The medians of same soils OC concentrations are accordingly 9.4, 11.2 and 10.9 g kg–1 and ratios C:N accordingly 9.8, 9.4 and 10.2. The OC stocks given in the limits of quartiles are in E soils 24–36, D soils 51–143 and En soils 32–49 Mg ha–1. Therefore on eroded areas the perpetual continuums of soil properties' (among these HS) changes may be followed and it is very complicated to separate soil contours on 1:10 000 soil maps. In this work the transitional areas between E and D soils are characterized via N soils.
On erosion-affected areas the E and D soils form different soil associations with auto- and hydromorphic normally developed non-eroded soils, where very commonly as well the fluvial (abnormal) soils are presented. The relatively high pedodiversity caused by the areas high geodiversity, is the requisite to the high biodiversity. In erosion-affected regions is extremely important to maintain agricultural activity, as with this is ensured the persistence of naturally beautiful landscapes. The soil cover with EAS acts as accumulator of formed on the same area soil OC.
Keywords: erosion-affected soils, water and tillage erosion, total nitrogen, soil organic carbon, humus status, sustainable soil management, soil association.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):181–190
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.21
Highlights:
- Erosion of agriculturally used soils is one of the most important problems in the sustainability of country-side life and development of agricultural activity in East-Southern Estonia.
- The eroded soils are distinguished by their intensity of erosion and calcareousness, but deluvial (colluvial) soils by their water regime and thickness of colluvial horizon.
- In East-Southern Estonia the organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (NT) stocks’ (given in quartiles) are accordingly in eroded soils in limits 24–36 and 2–3 Mg ha–1, but of deluvial soils in limits 51–143 and 5–16 Mg ha–1.
- The soil cover with a high percentage of erosion-affected soils acts as an accumulator of formed on the same area soil organic carbon.
- The high pedo-diversity of erosion-affected areas caused by areas high geodiversity is the prerequisite for high plants’ and soil organisms’ biodiversity.
- Pedo-ecologically sound use of erosion-affected soils is the main requisite for the persistence of naturally beautiful and with high recreative value agricultural landscapes.
Bikram Nepali1, Subash Subedi2, Sabin Bhattarai1, Santhosh Marahatta1, Devashish Bhandari1, Jiban Shrestha3
BIO-FERTILIZER ACTIVITY OF TRICHODERMA VIRIDE AND PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS AS GROWTH AND YIELD PROMOTER FOR MAIZE
191–195
BIO-FERTILIZER ACTIVITY OF TRICHODERMA VIRIDE AND PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS AS GROWTH AND YIELD PROMOTER FOR MAIZE
Bikram Nepali1, Subash Subedi2, Sabin Bhattarai1, Santhosh Marahatta1, Devashish Bhandari1, Jiban Shrestha3
1Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, 15, Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Chitwan, 44209, Nepal
2National Maize Research Program, Rampur, 15, Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Chitwan, 44209, Nepal
3National Plant Breeding and Genetics Research Centre, Khumaltar, 15, Lalitpur Metropolitan City, 44700, Nepal
The bio-fertilizer potential of Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens on growth and yield performance of open-pollinated maize variety Rampur Composite was studied at the research farm of Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during the winter season of 2018/19. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with seven treatments (T1: recommended dose of NPK (120:60:40 kg NPK ha–1), T2: T. viride only, T3: P. fluorescens only, T4: T. viride + 50% NPK; T5: P. fluorescens + 50% NPK; T6: T. viride + P. fluorescens + 100 % NPK, T7: control) and replicated thrice. The package of agronomic practices was followed as per national recommendation. The result revealed that T. viride + 50% NPK enhanced most of the growth components like plant height (103%), leaf number (9.77%), stem diameter (73.98%), root length (40.57%), leaf area index (173.28%), leaf biomass (83.36%) and stem biomass (127.72%) of maize compared to the control. Similarly, the higher cob biomass (641 g), yield (5708 kg ha–1) and thousand kernel weight (295 g) were recorded in the plot applied to P. fluorescens + 50% NPK. The use of Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens with a half-dose of recommended fertilizers may increase the vegetative growth and yield of maize and may also help to reduce the rate of chemical fertilizers in maize.
Keywords: growth, maize, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma Viride, bio-fertilizer, yield.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):191–195
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.17
Bikram Nepali1, Subash Subedi2, Sabin Bhattarai1, Santhosh Marahatta1, Devashish Bhandari1, Jiban Shrestha3
1Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, 15, Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Chitwan, 44209, Nepal
2National Maize Research Program, Rampur, 15, Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Chitwan, 44209, Nepal
3National Plant Breeding and Genetics Research Centre, Khumaltar, 15, Lalitpur Metropolitan City, 44700, Nepal
The bio-fertilizer potential of Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens on growth and yield performance of open-pollinated maize variety Rampur Composite was studied at the research farm of Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during the winter season of 2018/19. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with seven treatments (T1: recommended dose of NPK (120:60:40 kg NPK ha–1), T2: T. viride only, T3: P. fluorescens only, T4: T. viride + 50% NPK; T5: P. fluorescens + 50% NPK; T6: T. viride + P. fluorescens + 100 % NPK, T7: control) and replicated thrice. The package of agronomic practices was followed as per national recommendation. The result revealed that T. viride + 50% NPK enhanced most of the growth components like plant height (103%), leaf number (9.77%), stem diameter (73.98%), root length (40.57%), leaf area index (173.28%), leaf biomass (83.36%) and stem biomass (127.72%) of maize compared to the control. Similarly, the higher cob biomass (641 g), yield (5708 kg ha–1) and thousand kernel weight (295 g) were recorded in the plot applied to P. fluorescens + 50% NPK. The use of Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens with a half-dose of recommended fertilizers may increase the vegetative growth and yield of maize and may also help to reduce the rate of chemical fertilizers in maize.
Keywords: growth, maize, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma Viride, bio-fertilizer, yield.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):191–195
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.17
Highlights:
- The bio-fertilizer potentiality of Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens on maize growth and production was evaluated.
- The application of Trichoderma viride along with 50 % of recommended fertilizer dose (120:60:40 kg NPK ha–1) increased the growth traits of maize.
- The application of Pseudomonas fluorescens along with 50 % of recommended fertilizer dose (120:60:40 kg NPK ha–1) increased the yield and yield attributing traits of maize.
- The use of Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens minimizes the usage of chemical fertilizers and reduces the cost of production.
Antonina Panfilova, Valentina Gamayunova, Irina Smirnova
INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZING WITH MODERN COMPLEX ORGANIC-MINERAL FERTILIZERS TO GRAIN YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT IN THE SOUTHERN STEPPE OF UKRAINE
196–201
INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZING WITH MODERN COMPLEX ORGANIC-MINERAL FERTILIZERS TO GRAIN YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT IN THE SOUTHERN STEPPE OF UKRAINE
Antonina Panfilova, Valentina Gamayunova, Irina Smirnova
Mykolayiv National Agrarian University, 9 George Gongadze St, 54020, Mykolayiv, Ukraine
This article presents the results of using different varieties, variants of nutrition and their impact on the yield and grain quality of winter wheat. Experimental studies were conducted during 2011–2016 on the experimental field of the Mykolayiv National Agrarian University, Ukraine. The technology of growing winter wheat in the experiment, except the studied factors, was generally accepted to the existing zonal recommendations for the southern steppe of Ukraine. The predecessor was peas (Pisum sativum L.) It was determined that the higher grain yield and slightly better quality indicators differed grain of the studied winter wheat varieties with the joint use of pre-sowing application of N30P30 and foliar fertilizing of winter wheat crops twice during the vegetation season by Escort-bio. Thus, for this variant of nutrition, the crude gluten content of winter wheat grain was 24.2 up to 25.1%, the protein content was 12.9 up to 13.2%, and the conditional protein yield of from 1 ha of sowing area was 0.58–0.66 t depending on the studied variety. At the same time, on average, according to the nutrition factor, plants of the 'Zamozhnist' variety in comparison with the 'Kolchuga' variety formed more by 9.3% of the grain, which had the best quality indicators.
Keywords: winter wheat, variety, plant nutrition, growth-regulating preparations, yield, grain quality.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):196–201
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.28
Antonina Panfilova, Valentina Gamayunova, Irina Smirnova
Mykolayiv National Agrarian University, 9 George Gongadze St, 54020, Mykolayiv, Ukraine
This article presents the results of using different varieties, variants of nutrition and their impact on the yield and grain quality of winter wheat. Experimental studies were conducted during 2011–2016 on the experimental field of the Mykolayiv National Agrarian University, Ukraine. The technology of growing winter wheat in the experiment, except the studied factors, was generally accepted to the existing zonal recommendations for the southern steppe of Ukraine. The predecessor was peas (Pisum sativum L.) It was determined that the higher grain yield and slightly better quality indicators differed grain of the studied winter wheat varieties with the joint use of pre-sowing application of N30P30 and foliar fertilizing of winter wheat crops twice during the vegetation season by Escort-bio. Thus, for this variant of nutrition, the crude gluten content of winter wheat grain was 24.2 up to 25.1%, the protein content was 12.9 up to 13.2%, and the conditional protein yield of from 1 ha of sowing area was 0.58–0.66 t depending on the studied variety. At the same time, on average, according to the nutrition factor, plants of the 'Zamozhnist' variety in comparison with the 'Kolchuga' variety formed more by 9.3% of the grain, which had the best quality indicators.
Keywords: winter wheat, variety, plant nutrition, growth-regulating preparations, yield, grain quality.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):196–201
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.28
Highlights:
- The work is dedicated to the studies conducted in 2011–2016 on the southern chernozem in the southern Steppe of Ukraine, studied the efficiency of processing winter wheat crops modern growth-regulating drugs in the main periods of vegetation of the crop on the background of mineral fertilizers application.
- It was determined that the introduction of pre-sowing cultivation of winter wheat fertilizer in a dose of N30P30 (background) and the use of foliar fertilizing of crops at the beginning of the resumption of spring vegetation and the beginning of stooling complex organic fertilizer Escort-bio created favourable conditions for the formation of grain yield of the studied varieties.
- In the variants of fertilizer Escort-bio plants of winter wheat variety Kolchuga formed 4,48 t ha–1 of grain, and plants of Zamozhnist formed 4,99 t ha–1, which exceeded the control by 35,5 and 38,9%, respectively.
- By the optimization of winter wheat plant nutrition, the crude gluten content of winter wheat grain was 24.2 up to 25.1%, the protein content was 12.9 up to 13.2%, and the conditional protein yield of from 1 ha of sowing area was 0.58–0.66 t depending on the studied variety.
- From the studied varieties of winter wheat on a set of indicators, it was determined Zamozhnist as the best variety.
- In the conditions of the South of Ukraine optimization of winter wheat plant nutrition on the principles of resource-saving, ensures the increase of grain yield and significantly improves its quality.
Zinoviy Ruzhylo1, Volodymyr Bulgakov1, Valerii Adamchuk2, Anatoliy Bondarchuk3, Yevhen Ihnatiev4, Valentyna Krutyakova5, Jüri Olt6
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH INTO IMPACT OF KINEMATIC AND DESIGN PARAMETERS OF A SPIRAL POTATO SEPARATOR ON QUALITY OF PLANT RESIDUES AND SOIL SEPARATION
202–207
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH INTO IMPACT OF KINEMATIC AND DESIGN PARAMETERS OF A SPIRAL POTATO SEPARATOR ON QUALITY OF PLANT RESIDUES AND SOIL SEPARATION
Zinoviy Ruzhylo1, Volodymyr Bulgakov1, Valerii Adamchuk2, Anatoliy Bondarchuk3, Yevhen Ihnatiev4, Valentyna Krutyakova5, Jüri Olt6
1National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 15 Heroyiv Oborony St, UA03041 Kyiv, Ukraine
2Institute of Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture, National Scientific Centre, 11 Vokzalna St, Glevakha Stl, Vasylkivsky Dist, UA08631 Kyiv Region, Ukraine
3Institute of Potato Growing of NAAS of Ukraine, 22 Chkalov St, Nemishaeve Vlg, Borodyanka Dist, UA07853 Kyiv Region, Ukraine
4Dmytro Motornyi Tavria State Agrotechnological University, 18B Khmelnytsky Ave, UA72310 Melitopol, Zaporozhye Region, Ukraine
5Engineering and Technological Institute Biotechnica NAASU, Ukraine, 26, Mayatska Rd, Hlibodarske Vlg, Bilyaisky Dist, Odessa region, UA67667, Ukraine
6Institute of Technology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 56 Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi St, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
The experimental investigations carried out in field production conditions have proved that the process of cleaning potato tubers from extraneous material with the use of a spiral separator takes place due to the active conveyance of the heap by the turns of the cantilever mounted cleaning spiral springs. The cleaning spiral springs not only rotate at the set angular velocity, but simultaneously their cantilevered ends perform oscillatory motion, which arises due to the deflection of their longitudinal axes under the action of the weight of the potato heap fed into the work zone of the separator. The results obtained in the process of the field experiment investigations carried out by the authors have provided for obtaining the relations that enable selecting the optimum design and kinematic parameters of the spiral-type potato cleaning devices for the targeted separation rate and, accordingly, estimating their impact on the quality of the performed work process.
Keywords: cleaning device, plant residues, potato tuber, quality, separation, soil, spiral roll.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):202–207
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.26
Zinoviy Ruzhylo1, Volodymyr Bulgakov1, Valerii Adamchuk2, Anatoliy Bondarchuk3, Yevhen Ihnatiev4, Valentyna Krutyakova5, Jüri Olt6
1National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 15 Heroyiv Oborony St, UA03041 Kyiv, Ukraine
2Institute of Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture, National Scientific Centre, 11 Vokzalna St, Glevakha Stl, Vasylkivsky Dist, UA08631 Kyiv Region, Ukraine
3Institute of Potato Growing of NAAS of Ukraine, 22 Chkalov St, Nemishaeve Vlg, Borodyanka Dist, UA07853 Kyiv Region, Ukraine
4Dmytro Motornyi Tavria State Agrotechnological University, 18B Khmelnytsky Ave, UA72310 Melitopol, Zaporozhye Region, Ukraine
5Engineering and Technological Institute Biotechnica NAASU, Ukraine, 26, Mayatska Rd, Hlibodarske Vlg, Bilyaisky Dist, Odessa region, UA67667, Ukraine
6Institute of Technology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 56 Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi St, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
The experimental investigations carried out in field production conditions have proved that the process of cleaning potato tubers from extraneous material with the use of a spiral separator takes place due to the active conveyance of the heap by the turns of the cantilever mounted cleaning spiral springs. The cleaning spiral springs not only rotate at the set angular velocity, but simultaneously their cantilevered ends perform oscillatory motion, which arises due to the deflection of their longitudinal axes under the action of the weight of the potato heap fed into the work zone of the separator. The results obtained in the process of the field experiment investigations carried out by the authors have provided for obtaining the relations that enable selecting the optimum design and kinematic parameters of the spiral-type potato cleaning devices for the targeted separation rate and, accordingly, estimating their impact on the quality of the performed work process.
Keywords: cleaning device, plant residues, potato tuber, quality, separation, soil, spiral roll.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):202–207
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.26
Highlights:
- The completed research resulted in obtaining the relations for the intensity of the separation process.
- The said relations provide for determining the optimum design and kinematic parameters of the spiral-type machine for separating potatoes from the soil and plant residues, which can be used in the design and development of new potato combine harvesters.
- When the circular velocity V of the separating spirals increases up to 2 m s–1 and the separator inclination angle α is at a rational value of 12 deg, the separation intensity IS has high values, reaching more than 70 kg s–1.
Oleksandr Smirnov, Andrii Zinchenko, Leila-Аnastasiia Karpets, Mariia Kovalenko, Nataliya Taran
SHORT COMMUNICATION: CHANGES OF COMPATIBLE SOLUTES CONTENT IN TRITICUM AESTIVUM AND TRITICUM DICOCCUM SEEDLINGS IN RESPONSE TO DROUGHT STRESS
208–211
SHORT COMMUNICATION: CHANGES OF COMPATIBLE SOLUTES CONTENT IN TRITICUM AESTIVUM AND TRITICUM DICOCCUM SEEDLINGS IN RESPONSE TO DROUGHT STRESS
Oleksandr Smirnov, Andrii Zinchenko, Leila-Аnastasiia Karpets, Mariia Kovalenko, Nataliya Taran
Educational and Scientific Centre "Institute of Biology and Medicine", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13 Volodymyrska St, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
The influence of drought stress modelling by polyethene glycol (PEG) on water status, total soluble protein, proline and carbohydrates content in the roots and leaves tissues of three drought resistance wheat genotypes – Triticum aestivum L. (Podolianka, Favorytka) and Triticum dicoccum Schrank. (Holikovska) have been studied. Tested varieties of bread wheat and emmer wheat presented the resilience-anisohydric strategy for water balance regulation retaining a high level of relative water content, great variability in organic solutes with osmoprotective properties (total soluble protein, total carbohydrates and free proline) accumulation and retaining the level of low molecular weight proteins in response to drought with noticeable distinctions amid the varieties. However, drought stress increased the efficiency of accumulation of osmoprotectants either protein or carbohydrate nature in all three tested varieties of wheat seedlings.
Keywords: drought stress, Triticum aestivum, Triticum dicoccum, osmoregulators, resilience-anisohydric strategy.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):208–211
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.19
Oleksandr Smirnov, Andrii Zinchenko, Leila-Аnastasiia Karpets, Mariia Kovalenko, Nataliya Taran
Educational and Scientific Centre "Institute of Biology and Medicine", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13 Volodymyrska St, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
The influence of drought stress modelling by polyethene glycol (PEG) on water status, total soluble protein, proline and carbohydrates content in the roots and leaves tissues of three drought resistance wheat genotypes – Triticum aestivum L. (Podolianka, Favorytka) and Triticum dicoccum Schrank. (Holikovska) have been studied. Tested varieties of bread wheat and emmer wheat presented the resilience-anisohydric strategy for water balance regulation retaining a high level of relative water content, great variability in organic solutes with osmoprotective properties (total soluble protein, total carbohydrates and free proline) accumulation and retaining the level of low molecular weight proteins in response to drought with noticeable distinctions amid the varieties. However, drought stress increased the efficiency of accumulation of osmoprotectants either protein or carbohydrate nature in all three tested varieties of wheat seedlings.
Keywords: drought stress, Triticum aestivum, Triticum dicoccum, osmoregulators, resilience-anisohydric strategy.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):208–211
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.19
Highlights:
- The response of three cultivars of wheat on polyethene glycol (PEG) modelling drought stress was evaluated.
- The results show that all analyzed drought resistance wheat genotypes – Triticum aestivum L. (Podolianka, Favorytka) and Triticum dicoccum Schrank. (Holikovska) presented the resilience-anisohydric strategy for water balance regulation.
- It is determined that chemical dehydration increased the efficiency of accumulation of osmoprotectants either protein or carbohydrate nature in all three tested cultivars of wheat seedlings.
Olena Solona, Volodymyr Kovbasa, Ihor Kupchuk
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF SOIL STRAIN RATE WITH A PLOUGHSHARE FOR UNCOVERING SLIT
212–218
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF SOIL STRAIN RATE WITH A PLOUGHSHARE FOR UNCOVERING SLIT
Olena Solona, Volodymyr Kovbasa, Ihor Kupchuk
Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, 3 Sonyachna St, UA 21008, Vinnytsia, Ukraine
The article is devoted to solving one of the most important tasks of substantiating rational design and technological parameters of the working body for the installation of elements of subsurface irrigation. To reduce the frictional resistance during pulling of intra-soil irrigation communications, it becomes necessary to form a cavity inside the soil. The energy efficiency of such a process is determined by the traction resistance and directly depends on the normal and shear stresses of the soil as a result of its relative deformation during interaction with a special working body – the share of a mole plough. The geometric shape and kinematic parameters of the share, together with the mechanical characteristics of the soil, have the greatest influence on the nature of the relative deformation. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to determine the functional dependences of the components of the soil deformation rates on the geometric and kinematic parameters of the working body surface. These equations are necessary to determine the stress components in the soil, which make it possible to determine the compaction of the soil on the walls of the formed cavity (molehill), as well as the components of the forces of resistance to the movement of the working body.
Keywords: subsoil irrigation, trenchless laying, molehill, geometric parameters, share, soil deformation rate.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):212–218
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.22
Olena Solona, Volodymyr Kovbasa, Ihor Kupchuk
Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, 3 Sonyachna St, UA 21008, Vinnytsia, Ukraine
The article is devoted to solving one of the most important tasks of substantiating rational design and technological parameters of the working body for the installation of elements of subsurface irrigation. To reduce the frictional resistance during pulling of intra-soil irrigation communications, it becomes necessary to form a cavity inside the soil. The energy efficiency of such a process is determined by the traction resistance and directly depends on the normal and shear stresses of the soil as a result of its relative deformation during interaction with a special working body – the share of a mole plough. The geometric shape and kinematic parameters of the share, together with the mechanical characteristics of the soil, have the greatest influence on the nature of the relative deformation. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to determine the functional dependences of the components of the soil deformation rates on the geometric and kinematic parameters of the working body surface. These equations are necessary to determine the stress components in the soil, which make it possible to determine the compaction of the soil on the walls of the formed cavity (molehill), as well as the components of the forces of resistance to the movement of the working body.
Keywords: subsoil irrigation, trenchless laying, molehill, geometric parameters, share, soil deformation rate.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):212–218
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.22
Highlights:
- For effective use of subsurface irrigation systems should ensure minimal water loss below the root layers. This can be achieved by using impervious screens.
- Installation of anti-seepage screens during the trenchless laying of irrigation systems can be ensured by creating a stable horizontal gap in the soil.
- To ensure the stability of the gap, a soil tool with certain geometric parameters and shapes must be used.
- Research of the contact interaction of the working body with the soil was carried out. The use of biharmonic and potential functions made it possible to determine the rate of soil deformation by the soil tool.
- Obtained analytical dependences of the rate of soil deformation depending on the geometric parameters of the soil tool.
- The results of kinematic studies of the interaction of the soil tool with the soil are the basis for the dynamic analysis of the process and ensuring its minimum energy consumption.
Yaroslav H. Tsytsiura
MODULAR-VITALITY AND IDEOTYPICAL APPROACH IN EVALUATING THE EFFICIENCY OF CONSTRUCTION OF OILSEED RADISH AGROPHYTOCENOSISES (RAPHANUS SATIVUS VAR. OLEIFERA PERS.)
219–243
MODULAR-VITALITY AND IDEOTYPICAL APPROACH IN EVALUATING THE EFFICIENCY OF CONSTRUCTION OF OILSEED RADISH AGROPHYTOCENOSISES (RAPHANUS SATIVUS VAR. OLEIFERA PERS.)
Yaroslav H. Tsytsiura
Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry, Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, 3 Sonyachna St, 21008, Vinnytsia, Ukraine
The paper provides the results of a multi-year study of the peculiarities of phytocoenology of oilseed radish agrophytocenosises using various methods of its condition assessment and studying the tactics of plant vitality strategy. A comprehensive assessment was made of the impact of changes in inter-row spacing width, sowing rates and fertilizer on the formation of different plant ideotypes, the variability of their morphological features and general indicators of viability.
Three ideotypes of oilseed radish plants in the vertical study of agrophytocenosises were identified, based on which a detailed analysis of the variability of each group and a statistical assessment of the reliability of its existence was made. The peculiarities of morphological integration of each tier were analyzed and its influence on the formation of the overall field capacity was assessed. Based on the modular and vitality grouping, the efficiency and feasibility of combining different stand density and fertilizer options in the range of 30–90 kg of primary material per 1 hectare were evaluated.
Due to the application of regression analysis, the impact of climatic conditions on the formation of different morphological types of plants and the nature of relationships between oilseed radish plants in cenosises of different stand densities with different fertilizer options was assessed. The main perspective directions of further research on the peculiarities of the creation of highly productive and highly adaptive agrophytocenosises of oilseed radish are outlined.
Keywords: oilseed radish, vitality, variability, capacity, vitality tactics, plant ideotype, agrophytocenosis layering.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):219–243
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.27
Yaroslav H. Tsytsiura
Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry, Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, 3 Sonyachna St, 21008, Vinnytsia, Ukraine
The paper provides the results of a multi-year study of the peculiarities of phytocoenology of oilseed radish agrophytocenosises using various methods of its condition assessment and studying the tactics of plant vitality strategy. A comprehensive assessment was made of the impact of changes in inter-row spacing width, sowing rates and fertilizer on the formation of different plant ideotypes, the variability of their morphological features and general indicators of viability.
Three ideotypes of oilseed radish plants in the vertical study of agrophytocenosises were identified, based on which a detailed analysis of the variability of each group and a statistical assessment of the reliability of its existence was made. The peculiarities of morphological integration of each tier were analyzed and its influence on the formation of the overall field capacity was assessed. Based on the modular and vitality grouping, the efficiency and feasibility of combining different stand density and fertilizer options in the range of 30–90 kg of primary material per 1 hectare were evaluated.
Due to the application of regression analysis, the impact of climatic conditions on the formation of different morphological types of plants and the nature of relationships between oilseed radish plants in cenosises of different stand densities with different fertilizer options was assessed. The main perspective directions of further research on the peculiarities of the creation of highly productive and highly adaptive agrophytocenosises of oilseed radish are outlined.
Keywords: oilseed radish, vitality, variability, capacity, vitality tactics, plant ideotype, agrophytocenosis layering.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):219–243
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.27
Highlights:
- Seven main phytocenological criteria of the cenosis structure of oilseed radish in interaction with six seeding rates and four fertilization options were investigated.
- Four typological blocks were identified, divided into 32 characters in the morphological structure of oilseed radish plants.
- Analyzed 18 features in the system of the complete correlation matrix for different variants of the seeding rate, fertilization background and type of hydrothermal vegetation regime.
- The main idiotypes of oilseed radish plants and the nature of the high-altitude tiering of the cenosis are distinguished by phytocoenological analysis.
- The optimum of idiotypic layered design of the cenosis of oilseed radish, taking into account the seeding rate, row spacing, fertilization level, hydrothermal parameters has been developed in the ratio of 1.5–2.0 million pcs. ha–1, wide-row (30 cm), 60 kg NPK ha–1, hydrothermal coefficient 0.9–1.1.
Kalika Prasad Upadhyay1, Narayan Bahadur Dhami2, Prem Nidhi Sharma3, Janaki Datta Neupane1, Jiban Shrestha4
GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSES OF POTATO (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L.) TO BIOCHAR
244–253
GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSES OF POTATO (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L.) TO BIOCHAR
Kalika Prasad Upadhyay1, Narayan Bahadur Dhami2, Prem Nidhi Sharma3, Janaki Datta Neupane1, Jiban Shrestha4
1National Potato Research Program, Khumaltar 15, Lalitpur Metropolitan City, 44700, Nepal
2Hill Crops Research Program, Baiteshwor 4, Kabre, Dolakha, Baiteshwor Rural Municipality, 45500, Nepal
3National Entomology Research Centre, Khumaltar 15, Lalitpur Metropolitan City, 44700, Nepal
4National Plant Breeding and Genetics Research Centre, Khumaltar15, Lalitpur Metropolitan City, 44700, Nepal
The response of five types of biochar (Lantana camara, Ipomoea carnea, rice husk, sawdust, no biochar) on growth and yield attributes of potato was evaluated. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six replications in rainfed areas of two different environments (Jiri in 2018 and Pawati in 2019) of Nepal. The popular early maturing potato variety 'Desiree' was used in the experiment. The spacing was maintained 60 cm between rows and 25 cm between plants in the plot size of 7.2 m2. Seed tubers were planted in the 1st week of February and harvested in the 4th week of May. Recommended fertilizers (100:100:60 kg ha–1 NPK + 20 t ha–1 farmyard manure) and biochars at 2 t ha–1 were applied to the soil. Seed tubers were completely covered with an equal amount of biochar before covering with the soil. The results revealed that the total yield and marketable yield of potato varied with biochars types. The potato tuber yield was found higher and red ants infestation was lower in plots applied with biochars as compared to control plots (without biochars). The use of biochars derived from Lantana camera produced the highest number of tubers (6.1 tubers plant–1), the greatest weight of tubers (286.1 g plant–1) and the least damage of red ants on tubers (4.7%) followed by sawdust (6.0 tubers plant–1, 263.6 g tuber weight plant–1 and 7.8% damaged tubers by red ants). The findings provide new information on the understanding of biochar effect on increased marketable yield of potato in rainfed lands by reducing damage from red ants.
Keywords: biochar, potato, red ant, yield.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):244–253
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.18
Kalika Prasad Upadhyay1, Narayan Bahadur Dhami2, Prem Nidhi Sharma3, Janaki Datta Neupane1, Jiban Shrestha4
1National Potato Research Program, Khumaltar 15, Lalitpur Metropolitan City, 44700, Nepal
2Hill Crops Research Program, Baiteshwor 4, Kabre, Dolakha, Baiteshwor Rural Municipality, 45500, Nepal
3National Entomology Research Centre, Khumaltar 15, Lalitpur Metropolitan City, 44700, Nepal
4National Plant Breeding and Genetics Research Centre, Khumaltar15, Lalitpur Metropolitan City, 44700, Nepal
The response of five types of biochar (Lantana camara, Ipomoea carnea, rice husk, sawdust, no biochar) on growth and yield attributes of potato was evaluated. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six replications in rainfed areas of two different environments (Jiri in 2018 and Pawati in 2019) of Nepal. The popular early maturing potato variety 'Desiree' was used in the experiment. The spacing was maintained 60 cm between rows and 25 cm between plants in the plot size of 7.2 m2. Seed tubers were planted in the 1st week of February and harvested in the 4th week of May. Recommended fertilizers (100:100:60 kg ha–1 NPK + 20 t ha–1 farmyard manure) and biochars at 2 t ha–1 were applied to the soil. Seed tubers were completely covered with an equal amount of biochar before covering with the soil. The results revealed that the total yield and marketable yield of potato varied with biochars types. The potato tuber yield was found higher and red ants infestation was lower in plots applied with biochars as compared to control plots (without biochars). The use of biochars derived from Lantana camera produced the highest number of tubers (6.1 tubers plant–1), the greatest weight of tubers (286.1 g plant–1) and the least damage of red ants on tubers (4.7%) followed by sawdust (6.0 tubers plant–1, 263.6 g tuber weight plant–1 and 7.8% damaged tubers by red ants). The findings provide new information on the understanding of biochar effect on increased marketable yield of potato in rainfed lands by reducing damage from red ants.
Keywords: biochar, potato, red ant, yield.
Source: Agraarteadus, 2020, 31(2):244–253
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15159/jas.20.18
Highlights:
- The response of five types of biochar (Lantana camara, Ipomoea carnea, rice husk, sawdust, no biochar) on growth and yield attributes of potato was evaluated.
- The application of biochars derived from Lantana camera produced the highest number of tubers (6.1 tubers plant–1), the greatest weight of tubers (286.1 g plant–1) and the least damage of red ants on tubers (4.7%).
- It has been proved that the application of biochar increases marketable yield of potato grown in red ant prone areas.
CHRONICLE
ANNOUNCEMENTS
THESIS DEFENDERS ESTONIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES IN 2020
262
Note: Our journal is referred to as Agraarteadus in databases, therefore we kindly ask you to cite it as indicated.
Published 12-31-2020